Grading System Adwanteges

Awarding of grades has number of advantages over awarding of numerical marks. It considerably reduces inter and intra examiner’s variability in marking. It also takes care of imperfection of tools used for assessment. Statistical research in assessment techniques indicates that there is a possibility of variation of scores awarded to individuals to the extent of to 15%. Putting students of similar potential in same ability bands (grades) automatically takes care of all these aberrations in assessment techniques.Lastly, it will reduce undesired and unsound comparison of small difference of marks 1) It reduces the competition pressure 2) By this, students can't do any wrong project, assignment etc. Because when this happen the student reduces there grade pts. 3) By this system, students are also conc enterate on sport ; any other field. 4) It is responsible for the full development of the students. 5) In India we hears every day that any students are doing suicide By this system , the suicide cases is rapidly reduces almost finished.For the student, the grading system lets them know how much they successfully were able to give the teacher of what they learned. For the teacher, if it is an objective system, it shows fairness to students and parents, for the school board, it shows a fairness doctrine and how well their employees are doing their jobs. with grading, there will be no mad rush amongst students for percentages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ as grading system puts a specific range of percentage in one category. earlier colleges use to close admissions on, say 81. , while a student with 81. 4 woudn't get the seat†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. which was totally absurd, but with the new rule, every student that gets similar grade, for eg. , grade B (covering between 75 – 85 percent) has a chance of getting admission in the same college, and it depends on the college whether to take him or not, depening on other factors†¦. The grading of students would also take away the frightening judgmental quality of marks obtained in a test leading to a stress free and joyful learning environment in the school.

Babylon Revisited

The question of whether or not Charlie Wales’ request to have his daughter returned to him is reasonable seems fairly clear. The fact that the story begins and ends in a bar, with the alcoholic protagonist struggling with his addiction seems an indication that his demon has not been slain. Ambiguities seen in the story lead a reader to think that perhaps at this point it is not reasonable.Charlie perceives his old haunts as less than glamorous in the cold light of sobriety, but still he feels compelled to go and look once more. Yet, while it seems that Charlie genuinely regrets his past the reader also is told that Charlie has lost his fortune, which could easily be the reason for his new mindset. One of the twin themes of this story is that a person is responsible for his own shortcomings, and must pay his dues, so to speak, being held accountable to others.Charlie says that he never had a problem with alcohol until he began to lose his fortune, appearing to be in classic den ial. Charlie does not accept that his bouts of drunkenness are the reason why people such as Marion behave toward him as they do. He faults Marion’s lack of compassion and her intolerance for their discord. Everyone is out of step but Johnny, so to speak, and Charlie is not willing to accept that is likely his own actions that cause the rift between them.The story ends with Charlie sitting in a bar with drink in hand, which is a dangerous act for a recovering alcoholic. Though he has refused a second one, it is clear that he is not over his addiction. His life is a tragedy, yet he has not demonstrated the ability, by story’s end, to take responsibility for his own inadequacies, so the question of his being able to care for his young daughter seems moot. For the stated reasons, Charlie is not being reasonable in asking for custody of the child. Babylon Revisited Babylon Revisited is an F. Scott Fitzgerald short story, penned in 1930 Paris. It was then published in The Saturday Evening Post in 1931. The narrator speaks in third person, and from the point of view of Charlie, the protagonist. During his lifetime Fitzgerald was not recognized as a purely modernist author. It was after his death that this appellation was attached. Still, this short story has many features of the modernist movement, as can be seen in its theme, which is dark and fraught with conflict.The story is also written largely in the vernacular, which caused Fitzgerald to not be taken seriously as a writer early in his career. The protagonist is the character, Charlie Wales. The story opens and closes in a Paris bar. The conflict that Charlie finds is chiefly his struggle with alcoholism. He is in a battle of wills with his sister in law, who has custody of his daughter following the death of his wife. The twin themes of this story are that one must pay the piper if one has called the tune, as well as the idea that change is difficult to effect.The conflict is not resolved in the story and the reader is left to ponder the possibility that Charlie may or may not rise out of his sea of troubles. He is left sitting in a bar, but he has had a drink Still, he does some soul searching, and in the end refuses a second one. If he is to be considered a victim it must be understood that he suffers from a self-inflicted wound. The reader must decide if he feels sympathy toward Charlie. Charlie is the victim of forces outside his control but also a victim of his own weaknesses.My opinion is that the proof of the pudding is in the tasting, and we are known by our good acts and not our words. I have no sympathy for Charlie but I can see forgiving him if he keeps his pledge. Fitzgerald implies that he will. My hunch is that Charlie will find the dream of custody of his daughter stronger than the lure of alcohol. Reference Fitzgerald, F. and Bruccoli, M. (Editor) Bab ylon Revisited: and Other Stories Scribner 1996

Management information system project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management information system project - Essay Example Ellebeare has very few links. Although these links are working which are mainly for the year and month of production or sale of the products, they are not enough. The site is not very interesting when you consider that you will have to scroll down to the different items. It could use some subtopics or subtitles for the different items. 11) How objective is the website? Is a particular viewpoint presented in the website? If so, what is the viewpoint? If not, give evidence of how the website covers more than one viewpoint. Be sure to state what viewpoints are covered. The objectivity of the Net-a-porter website is well noted in its structure and design and also the content. The website is all about selling luxurious fashion items and from the vision statement on the home page â€Å"The worlds premier online luxury fashion destination," it has not gone off that view point at any instance. The ASOS website is also quite. The different products presented are quite real items that would interest the average person as a baseball cap, denim jackets, etc. The site has several viewpoints. It also quite advocates for different fashion trends some that are classy while others are just normal and not classy. Ellebeare is not quite objective. The portrayed view point is that of classy and outgoing fashion. This is well depicted in the fashion posters that are on the website. It is very classy and colorful too. It is quite catchy especially when you scroll down and get to see the beautiful ladies modeling the different items. Fact means a true piece of data or information while opinion means a belief, way of thinking or judgment. With these in mind, it is evident that ASOS presents both facts and opinions. The facts are expressed in the website as they state the prices of different items. They also express facts about different products in detail as they categorize the different items according to type. Net-a-porter presents

Economy of Ireland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Economy of Ireland - Essay Example Inflation rate is a low two percent (2.7%). Ireland has chalked up a strong annual growth in Gross National Product and Gross Domestic Product. The National Development Plans are giving the economy a boost. Ireland can be considered as a small, open, trade-dependent economy and is one of the fastest growing economies in the developed world. Its openness is reflected in the international mobility of capital and by encouraging levels of foreign direct investment. With low tax rates, Ireland presents a very attractive economic climate for international and local businesses. In the field of international trade, the UK is the most important exporter to Ireland accounting for thirty-seven percent (37.1%) of all the Irish imports. The second biggest exported is the US at three percent (3.8%). The third exporter is Germany at nine percent (9.2%). Finally, the Netherlands accounts for more than four percent (4.5%.) The Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland (CBFSAI) consists of two entities. The first entity is the Central Bank, which carries responsibility for the monetary policy functions, financial stability, economic analysis and currency, and payment systems. The second entity is the Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority, which has the mandate of safeguarding the financial sector and providing consumer protection. The CBFSAI has a supervisory responsibility for over 1000 financial entities in Ireland, of which more than 80 are banks and around 400 are credit unions.The banking sector is a reliable contributor of the country's economic growth. The banking sector contributed six percent (6) to the Irish GNP in 2005 compared to three percent (3%) in 1998. Employment in banking has risen from 29,400 in 1998 to 37,700 in 2005, of which 82% represents retail banking. These retail banks have over a thousand branches and satellite offices. TOP IRISH BANKS The two major Irish banks, AIB Bank and Bank of Ireland, are both publicly listed companies. These companies have generated their capital through the Irish Stock Exchange. In each case, ownership is widely diversified, with over 100,000 shareholders, most of whom are private individuals with relatively small holdings. In the case of AIB Bank, 41 per cent of shareholders own fewer than 1,000 shares each, while in the case of Bank of Ireland this figure is 54 per cent. Taken as a whole, these small bank shareholders own only 1 per cent of the total bank shares. Moreover, the Irish clients normally transact with the bank branches for retail banking services. They continue to be the predominant form of access to banking services. The growth of new suburbs and the emergence of suburban shopping malls has led to the opening of bank branches in or near these centres. The top four banks in Ireland are Allied Irish Bank, Bank of Ireland, the National Irish Bank and Ulster Bank. Allied Irish Banks p.l.c. was formed in 1966 when three banks merged. The three banks had been established in 1825. The AIB's emphasis is on business banking in Britain in the 1970s. In the 1980s, the AIB formed a subsidiary, the FMB, which marked the

Personal Musical Soundscape and Its Role in my Life Essay

Personal Musical Soundscape and Its Role in my Life - Essay Example It is said that music is sometimes food for the soul. It soothes the heart and gives the mind a line for meditation. This is because it sometimes triggers a string of thoughts and reflections about different aspects of an individual’s life. This is no exception for me when I listen to shidaiqu music. I was born and raised in China, therefore I am Chinese. I was born in Daqing, which is located in the North Eastern part of China. Known for its large petroleum deposits and high production of petroleum, Daqing is highly cosmopolitan and hosts very many tourists during peak tourism seasons of the year. This is because of some its tourist attractions such as Lianhuanhu area and Linhua Lake. This has caused some of the tourists to settle in the area and thus make it cosmopolitan and brought significant western influences. I attended school in Daqing area and went to Daqing Tieren High School. The system of education here allowed students to study art subjects and thus I decided to s tudy music. Here, I was exposed to different other types of music and was able to understand the history and development of my favorite music.

Letter to parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter to parents - Essay Example I plan purposefully the learning outcomes that should be achieved for each child and accordingly I design and deliver instruction. These types of instructions help to achieve the desired learning outcome without changing the curriculum and potential of every student can be achieved. Struggling students and gifted or above-average students both have different needs and can definitely make progress with differentiated learning activities without their realization. They do not feel isolated and this also invariably develops sense of belonging. This teaching strategy helps to reach, teach and develop all my students. It is important to know the child as an individual and learner. To recognize pupil’s diverse background intentional efforts are made like calling each one by respective name, observing each one carefully, and establishing two way conversation, etc. Differentiate instructions involve content, product and process differentiation. Since each child’s ability and apprehension is different, the depth and complexity of the content is varied by offering multiple options. I emphasises on dynamic group culture in the classroom so that each pupil has opportunity to enhance the knowledge in similar as well as different settings. The composition of the group is varied depending upon the purpose. This process differentiation of dynamic groups fosters cooperative and collaborative skills among children. This ensures that student can work at their own level and simultaneously make progress in varied skill sets and interests. Also, I love to make my students more independent and therefore, every time they are engaged in different and stimulating learning activities. I also give many examples, stories & illustrations as well as multiple methods for the students who need assistance to explain certain concepts. To nurture natural but inten tional learning, type of poems, songs, finger plays, vocabulary building games,

What Special Effects Were Used To Stage The Medieval Mystery Play Essay

What Special Effects Were Used To Stage The Medieval Mystery Play Noahs Ark - Essay Example There were varied usage of the methods of production alongside the complexity of the plays from place to place, but the creation of theatrical, imaginary space was a notable characteristic of "Noah's Ark."2 In "Noah's Ark," processional staging was used and was considered an important aspect of the play. Processional staging was considered an extremely taxing task as compared with other theatrical forms, but was a distinctive physical feature of "Noah's Ark," being a medieval play. The play involved planning a clearly defined circuit, which can be pushed through a synchronized schedule and traversed in a reasonable amount of time. The actors and actresses were also faced with several difficulties, such as the rigors of continuously staging a single episode repeatedly throughout the day. Revivifying "Noah's Ark" entailed experiments different from the traditional mobile pageantry stations or theatre-in-the round which used to characterise past presentations. A mobile is an important part of the special effects of "Noah's Ark," which involved the creation of a convincing scene.3 An isolated staging place was needed when the play was finally staged. The pageant wagons, which were also known as carriages, were considered a high place, constructed into a house with two rooms, being open in its upper floor. The lower room served as the dressing room while the higher room served as the stage on which the actors performed. ... The audiences would be waiting in advance at the time the wagons arrived, wherein the most well-off people were seated in specially constructed scaffolds.5 When the first pageants proceeded to the first station, which was at 4:30 in the morning, it was a signal that the performance would then start. It is noteworthy to mention in this paper that the medieval cycle, in which "Noah's Ark" was part, involved 48 plays, indicating that the last play would end at the last station until after midnight. There must be 19 hours of uninterrupted attention that the entire cycle required of its audience.6The pageant master took care of matters pertaining to costumes, which were predominantly with little attempts at historical accuracy and did not bear any distinctions of race or rank. The outfits of soldiers, peasants, and tradesmen may be described as visually anachronistic, which provided a frame of reference against which the audience may determine the rest of the action.7 It was necessary tha t "Noah's Ark" use mask as part of the costume, as all other medieval plays of this time. The costume of the angels includes a half-gold mask, a large, tall golden hat crown and a blue robe with dash of gold. Specificity to the social status was essential feature of some characters, such as slouchy robes and hats for the male characters, while the female ones wore robes and short hats. Year after year, the play loaned some garments from members of the public, such as showy cloaks, dresses belonging to the ampler women of the community, or rich mantles characteristic of theatrical impression. Cast-off clothing of richer people was used as costumes, cunningly worked together to form slashed garments of masters and mistresses.8"Noah's Ark" did

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Abortion - Essay Example explores the Divine Command Theory and debates the moral aspects of this divisive issue before touching on the practical arguments surrounding abortion by investigating its use to control population in China. The life of a human, from the time of conception, should be considered equally as viable as any individual. Consequently, the right of life as well as the social definition regarding ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ types of deaths should apply to potential lives which possess a future value of life, the same as any living person. Denying a being their future is murder. Unnatural, premature deaths that are considered justifiable by society include those that occur during war-time in addition to those that result from ‘mercy killings’ and the death penalty. Outside of these instances, society generally acts to protect all life even animals that have at least a chance of future potential. This is demonstrated by the life-saving techniques employed without question or hesitation in the case of people who wanted to end their life. Society will not allow it because it is simply wrong by any standard to end a life with potential. ‘Pro Choice’ advocat es counter this seemingly universal truth by saying just because a person has great potential doesn’t mean that they will achieve greatness in life therefore a potential life is not yet a life. They also argue that because a fetus is unconscious disqualifies it for being considered a person. Of course, emergency medical treatment is administered to unconscious people in an effort to save their life. Society mourns the death of the young more so than the old. Taking the life of a potential person who possesses an inherent value of life and is of the very youngest of society is in opposition to this widely accepted societal value.1 Various studies through the years have proven that abortion is an abhorrent physical, psychological and moral option for all concerned yet the ‘right to choose’ still

Impact of E-commerce on Business Systems Dissertation

Impact of E-commerce on Business Systems - Dissertation Example Various attempts have been made to make specific distinctions of the e-business models that exist across the globe but this has resulted in new theories and propositions. But simply understood an e-business model implies to an approach taken by a company to become a profitable venture on the electronic media commonly referred to as the electronic commerce. It spells out how a firm generates revenue by specifying the position of the firm in the value chain. E-business has impacted all aspects of business processing with the use of appropriate technology and trends. Business trends such as total quality management, business process re-engineering and global outsourcing have led to increased automation of work processes, integrated systems for the purpose of greater customer service efficiency. Increased connectivity and customer service approach has re-defined the way businesses are operating today. The research study provides a deeper assessment of how e-commerce has impacted business systems. The findings of the research suggest that e-commerce business models have contributed to creating operational efficiencies and increased focus on exploiting the power of information to drive competitive advantage for firms. Introduction This section provides an introduction to the research study and a background overview of the research topic. ... ch context Business models and systems have undergone rapid transformations over the past few decades with organizations adapting to innovative applications and evolving market trends. Managers have focused their strategies on creating an enabling environment for business processes by adopting new business models that provide the organization with the flexibility and efficiency to venture into new markets and increase revenues. Businesses are set of activities or processes that help in the creation of goods or services for generating revenues. The objective of business is to generate revenues and profits for the owner. Since ancient times, businessmen have adopted new and enterprising means of making money by producing something of value for which people in general are ready to pay money. The business strategies over the decades have evolved to encompass more complex and innovative systems that help in creating business efficiencies and boosting profits. Managers constantly seek diff erential approaches and re-engineer existing processes to support increased productivity and extended market outreach. The advances in infrastructure, communication, and technology tools have played an important role in supporting business objectives and shaping business systems toward increased profits and market shares. Business systems refer to the processes and operational framework that help in conducting the business. The business processes reflect the extent to which the enterprise has been successful in meeting its business goals and objectives. The key processes in any business involve production, accounting, marketing and human resource management. Managerial functions focus on achieving excellence and streamlining work processes to support high level employee performance and

The Jealousy Essay Example for Free

The Jealousy Essay Normally you have to listen to the boring facts before getting started; unfortunately, you will not avoid them this time either. However, it’s probably nice for you to know who writes what you’re going to read and why I have ended up writing this book to help you. You will quickly discover that my book is quite different from many other things that you’ve might read about jealousy. The reason is that my book is more a personal portrayal, rather than a professional book built on a lot of inspiration. The advantage is that you’ll get a very authentic look at jealousy, and it contains a lot of inspiration to keep yourself free from jealousy, without having to feel you are reading text from a psychologist. (Not because there is something wrong with going to a psychologist.) Just so you know, if you read my book to do something about your jealousy, there is a lot of hope for you, because you’ve actually moved beyond the 80% of all others who are jealous and are doing nothing about it. You have acknowledged that you are jealous and need to do something about it fast as possible. You have taken the responsibility without blaming it on others. Well done! It’s important for me to say, that if you don’t take the responsibility yourself, you will keep being jealous until you do. So who am I? My name is Kim Falidan, I’m 25 years old, and I’m living in Copenhagen, Denmark. If you ask me, I study on one of the world’s most â€Å"tasteful† educations, which is the chief cook education. In my spare time, I commit myself to the psychotherapeutic world, which you probably don’t think is a complete coincidence, since I have written an e-book about jealousy.But it wasn’t only the strong passion for the psychotherapeutic world which has inspired me. Just to confuse you further, it is actually the book that inspired me to dig deeper into my hobby.Where did the book come from? It came from a hell †¦ No, I don’t exaggerate, but I wish I did. My eternal and hopeless struggle against jealousy lasted for a period of almost 6 years. It took me 6 years before I got rid of my unhealthy jealousy.I mentioned something about hell, but it couldn’t have been so bad, could it Kim? Well, it was. Jealousy is an emotion that everyone has, some have less and some have more. I was at the high state of jealousy.It’s not because my jealousy has led to physical or mental violence or something, but it has devastated my emotions unbelievably.Jealousy has cost me several relationships, and even more moments in my life, that should have been happy for me.Since you’re here now, you probably already know what I’m talking about.I went down with stress and depression a few times, because of my eternal struggle with and frustration about my jealousy. The jealousy took the people I loved away from me constantly. Not that everyone broke up with me, I actually broke up with them, because the jealousy was killing the love i had and today I feel sorry for them. Those I didn’t break up with I simply scared away, and today I really understand why they reacted like they did. I don’t know if you’ve already experienced something like that yourself, but you can stop it now or make it stop before it happens! I’m sure you’r e reading this book for a reason, and I don’t have to remind you how important it is for you to get rid of jealousy as fast as possible. If you’re reading The Jealousy Book, and doing exactly as I tell you, you’re on the right track. Luckily, I don’t have any more broken doors or furniture in my apartment, though I used to, as a result of a jealousy bomb which exploded from time to time. No, today I’m happy and living with the woman of my life. I have been in love for almost a year now, but that’s another story. It’s quite an amazing love story if you ask me. No matter how jealous you are, you have the strength to defeat it if you get to know yourself better. And you will, right? If your answer is yes – then good, because it’s actually quite easy, you just have to â€Å"wake-up† first and get that green monster out of yourself.There are no excuses, and it takes no time to read about it compared to the difference it can make for your life now and in the future. So go ahead, you’re the only one who can make a difference. I’m really glad you’re here, and I’m sure you’ll be the same after you have read it.For the women who read my boo k, it’s important for me to point out that you can easily read it and get the full benefits. Jealousy is a feeling both sexes have in common in equal measures. And for those with a jealous partner, the above also applies to you. Maybe not because you are jealous yourself, but because you really do have the power to help your partner to become free of jealousy. Believe me; you will thank yourself for it later, and your partner will especially thank you for doing so. Let me be a little metaphorical now. The blood, sweat and tears I’ve felt to get the experience I describe in the book, we can look at from a helicopter’s perspective.The helicopter is in front of you now, free and ready to fly you over the jealousy horizon. My book is the helicopter. You can even determine the color of the helicopter, but I decide where we fly. As I said earlier, it’s the jealousy horizon; we will fly over together in the forthcoming moments. Believe me; you will be amazed about the impact of something as simple as having an overview. While you read the book, you’ll get the opportunity to do some exercises. I recommend that you do them all as well as you can. But there is one very important main exercise throughout the whole book and that is to write down everything you think is important for you to remember. In most cases, you need to have a pen and a paper or maybe a Word document to record the exercises for each chapter. If you do that, you will insure that you get all the personal benefits from my book. Choose the color of your helicopter, and when you feel ready and comfortable, go read on.

Vodafone Group Management of Market Risks

Vodafone Group Management of Market Risks What is the role played by options, futures and forward contracts in managing market risks? The research critically analyzes this through the case study of Vodafone Group Plc. It first identifies the various factors that determine these risks since market risk includes different types of risks like commodity price risks, interest rate fluctuations risks and currency risks. Through the case study, it further aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using above derivatives, in managing market risks. By considering the portfolio of company designed to hedge a particular amount of risk; the research also aims to critically evaluate the individual contributions of each of the above in risk management and also of the portfolio as whole. Introduction: Oxford dictionary defines risk as a situation involving exposure to danger or expose (someone or something valued) to danger, harm, or loss (Oxford Dictionary). For a business entity Risks are connected to possible uncertainties that can result in negative effect on the entity. With the emergence of World Markets and various types of risks, risk management has become an integrated part of firms today. Different types of risks require different methods to handle, prevent or sometimes to absorb and benefit from risks. The downfall of risks has always been highlighted however they do have some arbitrage that results in potential gains. The Basel Committee that was formed in 1974 laid the regulatory framework for Financial Risk Management. (McNeil, Frey and Embrechts, 2005). Basel II (2001) defines Financial Risk Management to be formed of 4 steps: identification of risks into market, credit, operational and other risks; assessment of risks using data and risk model; monitoring and reporting of risk assessments on a timely basis and controlling these identified risks by senior management.'(Alexander, 2005). It thus determines the probability of a negative event taking place and its effects on the entity. Once identified risk can be treated in following manners: Eliminated altogether by simple business practices. These are the risks that are detrimental to the business entity. Transferred to other participants. Actively managed at firm level. (Alexander, 1996). The risks basically depend on the time value of assets. Moreover with the increased level of multinational functioning of business entities and the highly volatile nature of markets, risk management has now become a critical part of running the business. It therefore becomes essential to understand as well as analyze the various factors that determine risks and the preventive measures implemented against them. Also the hedging techniques being considered do not always ensure profits. The research would thereby include a detail study of the effectiveness of the methods implemented. One more important factor is the cost incurred. Risk management incurs certain costs and the process would therefore prove to be futile if the costs incurred don’t offer proportionally benefits. Literature Review: Market Risk constitutes of commodity risk, interest risk and currency risks. Commodity price risk includes the potential change in the price of a commodity. The rising or falling commodity prices affect the producers, traders and the end-users of the various commodities. Moreover if they are traded in foreign currency, there arises the risk of currency exchange rate. These are normally hedged by offering forward or future contracts at fixed rates. This is especially important for commodities like oil, natural gas, gold, electricity etc whose prices are highly volatile in nature. (Berk and Demarzo, 2010) Interest Risk relates to the change in interest rates of bonds, stocks or loans. A rising rate of interest would effectively reduce the price of a bond. Increased interest rates result in increasing the borrowing costs of the firm and thereby reduce its profitability. It is hedged by swaps or by investing in short term securities. Currency risks arise from the exceedingly volatile exchange rates between the currencies of different countries. For e.g. Airbus, an aircraft manufacturing company based in France requires oil for its production. Oil being traded in US dollars and the company doing trading in Euros, has a foreign exchange risk. It would be therefore beneficial for Airbus to enter a forward contract with its oil suppliers. Options are another way of hedging against currency risks. (Berk and Demarzo, 2010). Forward contracts, Futures and Options are called the Financial Derivatives and are used largely to reduce market risks. Walsh David (1995) explains that if two securities have same payoffs in future, they must have same price today. Thus the value of a derivative moves in the same way as that of underlying asset. This is called arbitrage. Hedging of risks is nothing but the holder of an asset has two positions in opposite directions. One is of the derivative and opposite position is on the under-lying asset respectively. As such if the value if the asset decreases then value of the derivative will also decrease. But the change in value is off-set by the opposite positions to each other. Thus risk is reduced. This is called hedging. Long Hedge refers when an investor anticipates increase in market price and therefore buys future contracts. Short Hedge is when an investor already has a futures contract and expects the value of asset to fall and therefore sells it beforehand. (Dubofsky and Miller, 2003) Long Hedge Short Hedge Change in value of position Change in price Change in value of position Change in price Fig.1 Hedging (Dubofsky, D and Miller, T. Jr. 2003) Forward Contracts- These involve buying or selling specific asset at a specific price at a specified time. It is basically a contract between two parties to trade a particular commodity or asset at a particular rate on a specified time. The buyer is said to be in ‘long position’ while the seller hols the ‘short position’. These are Over the Counter (OTC) Derivatives. These are used for locking-in the price and require no cash transfers in the beginning, thereby involve credit risks. Their main feature is the flexibility as forward contracts can be tailored as per the requirements of the traders. They are typically used to hedge the exchange rate risks. (Claessens, 1993) Futures- These are more standardized than the Forward contracts. They are traded at Foreign Exchanges. The standardized contract specifying the asset, price and delivery time is either bought or sold through broker. The delivery price depends on market and determined by the exchange. The default risk in futures is minimized due to clearinghouse. It acts as centred party and does the ‘marking to market’ of traders’ account; by doing profit-loss calculations daily. Initial margin amount is required and futures hence involve margin calls. Minimum credit risk is involved; but being standardized contracts, these cannot be tailored to individual demands. (Hinkelmann and  Swidler, 2004). Futures could be contracts on real assets for e.g. gold, oil, corn etc. or they could also be contracts of financial nature for e.g. currency, interest rates etc. (Tamiso and Freedman, 1995). Fig.2: Hedging through Futures. (Walsh, D. 1995) Options- The holder can buy from or sell to, the asset at a strike rate at a future maturity date. However the holder of the option has no moral obligation to do so. The cost of buying the option involves a premium which is to be paid up front. The option that enables the holder to buy an asset is called Call option while in Put option the holder is able to sell the asset. (Claessens, 1993) These can be bought Over the Counter (OTC) at a bank or can be exchange traded options. An American option could be exercised at any time before it expires. On the contrary, a European option has to be exercised on maturity. Option is normally executed when its strike price is less than price of the stock. However, is the price of the stock is less than the strike price; the holder will not execute the option. Black and Scholes (1973) gave the formula to determine the price of a European option. According to the formula, the value of Call option is given by: where The value of Put option is given by: P = Ke-r (T-t) – S + C = N(-d2) Ke-r (T-t) – N(-d1) S. Where N (.) is a cumulative normal distribution function s- standard deviation of the share price, rf- risk-free interest rate per annum and t- time to expiry (in years). The above formula, also known as the Black-Scholes option pricing model; is based on the assumptions that the stock doesn’t pay any dividends, it is possible to buy or sell even a single share, there are no costs incurred in these transactions and that arbitrage opportunity doesn’t exist. According to Black and Scholes (1973), the option value as a function of the stock price is independent of the expected return of the stock. The expected return of the option, however, will depend upon the expected return of the stock. Hence as the price of underlying asset increases, the price of option will also increase owing to their linear relationship. Black and Scholes (1972) further carried on various empirical tests to validity of the formula. They observed that price paid by the buyers of the option was higher than that shown by the formula. This was mainly because the transaction costs that are incurred are always paid by the buyers of the options. These costs were found to be high for options of high risks and vice-versa. The sellers of options thus got the price that was predicted by the formula. The case study would make use of this formula to determine the value of options held by the company. Walsh David (1995) explains that options have a non-linear relation with payoff. Its payoff increases with the price of the asset if it is in-the-money and has a constant payoff which is the option premium if it is out-of-the-money. On the contrary, futures and forward contracts have a linear relation with the payoffs in both, profit as well as loss. Therefore options might be preferred over futures and forwards for hedging. He further highlights the difference between hedging through futures and forward contracts. While in forward contracts, the company merely sets up a rate for future trading, it doesn’t involve any monetary transfer. Futures however make use of margin account and marking to market is done daily. Hence the results of futures over their time span vary greatly with those of forward contracts. Hence the individual contributions of each to risk management would be calculated during the research. The case study would also include a study the similarities and diff erences in futures, forward contracts and options and their individual effects on risk management. Data and Methodology: Objectives: The research aims to: Increase the understanding of the factors that determine market risks. Understand the haven provided by financial derivatives against these risks. Have a clear understanding of the methods or risk management techniques. Understand the process of risk management. Understand the intricacies of derivative markets. Data and Methodology: The Research is essentially a case study of Vodafone Group Plc. Primary data would include the information of the forward contracts with service providers, options and futures of the company in the market. Secondary data would be Qualitative in nature, comprising online journals, relative case studies and books. The research would be carried out in the following steps: Depending upon the nature of company, determine that factors that would affect the risk faced by the company. Evaluate the percentage of risk faced by the company. Determine the amount of this risk, which the company would want to hedge. The data would then be utilised to determine the amount of risk hedged by each of the above and then determine the total risk hedged by portfolio as whole. Calculate the cost of hedging the risk. Compare and contrast the findings with the defined ‘Effective Risk Management.’ Critically analyze the results. Suggest improvements if any, in the portfolio. Calculate the risk hedged with the suggested changes. Proposed Timetable: Date Activity 6th May, 2011 Submission of final proposal (By) 20th June, 2011 Collection of data as required by case study and start working on calculations. 1st July, 2011 Define the parameters for ‘effective risk management’ and complete calculations. Complete the initial declaration pages of report. 15th July, 2011 Complete the literature review pertaining to case study. Finish report writing till that part. (up to 5000 words) 1st August, 2011 Compare and contrast the findings to the established parameters. Evaluate results. Some more relative literature review. 15th August, 2011 Finish writing the calculations, explaining results. Complete up to 10,000 words of report. 1st September, 2011 Complete the report and submit the first draft for feedback. 15th September, 2011 Redraft using the suggested changes. Final draft for submission 19th September, 2011 Final submission of the report. REFERENCES Alexander, C. (1996). The Handbook of Risk Management and Analysis. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Alexander, C. (2005). ‘The Present and Future of Financial Risk Management.’ Journal of Financial Econometrics, 3 (1), pp. 3-25. JSTOR (Online). Available at http://jfec.oxfordjournals.org/ (Accessed: 8th March, 2011). Berk, J and Demarzo, P. (2010). Corporate Finance. 2nd edn. Boston: Pearson. Black, F. and Scholes, M. (May Jun., 1973). ‘The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities.’ The Journal of Political Economy.81 (3) pp. 637-654. JSTOR (Online). Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1831029.pdf?acceptTC=true (Accessed: 5th May, 2011). Black, F. and Scholes, M. (May 1972). ‘The Valuation of Option Contracts and a Test of Market Efficiency.’ The Journal of Finance.27 (2) pp 399-417. JSTOR (Online). Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2978484 (Accessed: 5th May, 2011). Claessens, S (1993). World Bank Technical Paper no 235.Washington DC: The World Bank. Dubofsky, D and Miller, T. Jr. (2003). Derivatives: Valuation and Risk Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hinkelmann, C  Ã‚  Swidler, S.  (2004). ‘Using futures contracts to hedge macroeconomic risk in the public sector.’ Derivatives Use, Trading Regulation.  10(1),  pp. 54-69. ABI/INFORM Global (Online) available at http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0did=679304171SrchMode=2sid=1Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1304643921clientId=18060 (Accessed: 21st March, 2011). McNeil, A.J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2005) Quantitative Risk Management. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Oxford Dictionary (Online) available at http://oxforddictionaries.com/?attempted=true (Accessed: 21st March, 2011). Tamiso, R. Freedman, R. (1995). ‘Confronting Uncertainty: Intelligent Risk Management with Futures.’ Artificial Intelligence in the Capital Markets: State-of-the-Art Applications for Institutional Investors, Bankers and Traders, Probus Publishing, Chicago. pp. 209-222. Available at http://www.inductive.com/RMR-FUT.pdf . (Accessed: 4th May, 2011). Walsh, David.   (1995). ‘Risk management using derivative securities.’  Managerial Finance.  21(1),  pp. 43. ABI/INFORM Global (Online).  Available at http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=6did=4708471SrchMode=2sid=3Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1301258415clientId=18060 (Accessed: 27th March, 2011).

Process of Manhood :: essays papers

Process of Manhood The content of the â€Å"kakuungu† mask is constructed of wood with a distinctive carving that outlines the cheeks and eyes of the mask. The cheeks are outlined to show the definition of the eyes that are wide and almond shaped. The surface is to rough and has a sharp image to the structure. The mask is sometimes covered with animal's skin and loose raffia strips. This mask is one of the most powerful and oldest that exists. The mask is known well to be the mask of initiation. In the process of initiation, in which the transformation of childhood to manhood takes place, certain rituals and procedures are carried out, particularly in the African culture that is located in northern Suku. It is of ritual and social activities where the manhood of an uncircumcised boy is transformed. The average age of the boys range from ten to fifteen years of age. However, in rare cases the candidates might be as old as twenty years of age, married, and have already fathered a child. The people present for this occasion may be camp officials, the village chief and his consultant, and people from villages in the neighborhood. A formal opening takes place the day before the circumcision. The day of circumcision begins around 5:00 am with the rhythm of drums. The initiation uses special structures such as the kakuugu mask and sculptured post. They provide a charm to the initiation process. During the preparation of the ceremony the members of the tribe take notice to the different mask, while doing this they show deference to all. At the ceremony, the initiation process takes place by a tree where the kakuungu masks appear in the village to frighten women and children and also seek out pregnant women. The official soon after starts a chant and the young candidates respond. They are then protected by a charm specialist and sent to the headmaster â€Å"kahyuudi†. As the music plays from the rhythm of the drums and the chanting of a song doing an encircling dance they form a wide oval around the fire.

Queen Elizabeth the First Essay -- essays research papers

Queen Elizabeth 1 The reign of Queen Elizabeth I is often referred to as "The Golden Age" of English history. Elizabeth was an immensely popular Queen, and her popularity has waned little with the passing of four hundred years. She is still one of the best-loved monarchs, and one of the most admired rulers of all time. She became a legend in her own lifetime, famed for her remarkable abilities and achievements. Yet, about Elizabeth the woman, we know very little. She is an enigma, and was an enigma to her own people. Elizabeth was the daughter of King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. She was born on 7 September 1533 at Greenwich Palace. Her birth was possibly the greatest disappointment of her father's life. He had wanted a son and heir to succeed him as he already had a daughter, Mary, by his first wife, Katherine of Aragon. He had not divorced Katherine, and changed the religion of the country in the process, to have only another daughter. Elizabeth's early life was consequently troubled. Her mother failed to provide the King with a son and was executed on false charges of incest and adultery on 19 May 1536. Her marriage to the King was declared null and void, and Elizabeth, like her half-sister, Mary, was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the line of succession. The next eight years of her life saw a quick succession of stepmothers. There was Jane Seymour who died giving birth to the King's longed for son, Edward; Anne of Cleves who was divorced; Catherine Howard w ho was beheaded; and finally Catherine Parr. For generations, historians have debated whether the constant bride changing of her father was responsible for Elizabeth's apparent refusal to marry. It is certainly possible that the tragic fates of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard impressed upon her a certain fear of marriage, but there may have been other reasons for the Queen's single state, such as a fear of childbirth, which claimed the lives of a significant number of women in this period. Even if the Queen had no personal reservations about marriage, there were political problems with almost every contender for her hand. Religion was a major divisive issue, and there was also the problem of whether Elizabeth would have to relinquish any of her royal powers to a husband in an age when the political sphere was exclusively male. As a child, Elizabeth wa... ... claim the English throne for himself and not for her. In the summer of 1588 he sent his mighty fleet against England. But by superior tactics, ship design, and sheer good fortune, the English defeated them. Elizabeth's popularity reached its zenith. It was also another personal triumph as she had proved that she, a woman, could lead in war as well as any man. Elizabeth was dedicated to her country in a way few monarchs had been or have been since. Elizabeth had the mind of a political genius and nurtured her country through careful leadership and by choosing capable men to assist her, such as Sir William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was a determined woman, but she was not obstinate. She listened to the advice of those around her, and would change a policy if it were unpopular. In appearance she was extravagant, in behavior sometimes flippant and frivolous, but her approach to politics was serious, conservative, and cautious. When she ascended the throne in 1558, England was an impoverished country torn apart by religious squabbles. When she died at Richmond Palace on the 24th March 1603, England was one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world.

African American Culture Essays -- Papers

African American Culture Culture is not a fixed phenomenon, nor is it the same in all places or to all people. It is relative to time, place, and particular people. Learning about other people can help us to understand ourselves and to be better world citizens. One of the most common ways of studying culture is to focus on the differences within and among cultures. Although their specifics may vary form one culture to another, sociologists refer to those elements or characteristics that can be found in every know society as cultural universals. For example, in all societies, funeral rites include expression of grief, disposing of the dead, and rituals that define the relations of the dead with the living. And on the most significant cultural universals is the incest taboo, a cultural norm prohibiting marriage or sexual relations between certain kin. Whether the underlying basis of human behavior is biological or purely learned, how we channel that behavior is an important aspect of culture. From the time we are born, we are socialized to believe that our way of life is one that is good, civilized, and above reproach. Such ideals usually sets the tone for what sociologist would refer to as ethnocentrism, the attitude that one’s own culture is superior to those of others. Though it exists from one degree or another in every society, it may also serve as the glue that holds a society together. In the event that ethnocentrism is taken out of context or has reached an offensive tone, it may be suppressed with cultural relativism, the belief that a culture must be understood on its own terms. From the African American perspective, culture encompasses all we know, all we feel, and all we have absorbed from our elder... ...unting the lives of people who struggled for African and African American freedom. People who celebrate Kwanzaa hope to strengthen the black community by adhering to the seven guiding principles, designated by the terms from the Swahili language: umoja (unity), kujichagulia (self-determination), umija (collective work and responsibility), ujamaa (cooperative economics), nia (purpose), kuumba (creativity), and imani (faith). Although many African Americans share some culture similarities with those of the dominant culture, there are some aspects of their culture from the dominant ancestry of sub-Saharan West Africa in which they have retained. Culture is not a fixed phenomenon, nor is it the same in all places or to all people. It is relative to time, place, and particular people and African American culture plays a significant role in the United States today.

Lenin’s death in 1924 Essay

12 marker: Explain why; at the time of Lenin’s death in 1924 there was no obvious successor to lead The USSR. Lenin’s death came as a great shock to many Russians in 1924; he led the October Revolution in 1917 he was seen as father like role to Russians. He had built up a new government and allowed many of his fellow Bolsheviks roles positions in his new Soviet State, and these figures all thought that they have the power and influence to lead Russia. Lenin knew that he was ill and that he would not be able to keep on making key decisions and attending committee and politburo meetings. He felt that the people in his government saw this as an opportunity to try and assert their power and then after his death have a good chance of becoming the leader of The USSR. He wrote a testament, damning five of the people that held high authority in his new government: Trotsky, Stalin, Bukharin, Zinoviev and Kamenev. If this were to be circulated in the party it would mean that people lower down in the party would be questioning these people too, they might feel that these individuals had too much power. However, these were the leading communists and there did not seem to be any other Bolsheviks that were capable or ready to become a leader. Lenin called Trotsky ‘excessively self-assured’ Lenin thought that Trotsky focused too much on himself and not enough on the Russian people. Lenin also called Stalin the other main contender for the role of leader ‘too rude’ and stated that he has been placed with too much power within the part as Secretary-General; this has made him quite arrogant. Lenin calls for Russians to remember that although Zinoviev and Kamenev are quite underestimated, that they were not loyal to the October Revolution and therefore not the most trustworthy or loyal. Lenin feels that Bukharin is very intelligent, and would be good at the administration aspect of leadership but not a good enough orator to be seen as a strong leader by the masses. This really set the cat among the pigeons; it showed that Lenin did not have confidence in one single successor, showing negative aspects of all of the possible candidates. Although this was suppressed by Kamenev and Zinoviev from being read at the 23rd party conference, Stalin had the most to lose if this had been read, being very critical of his personality and power. Ultimately, it showed that there was going to be a power struggle, and that there was no obvious successor. Lenin’s Testament highlighted some major concerns of his, that there were five possible successors but none of them seemed obvious to go straight to the leadership position. Trotsky was seen as an alternative main candidate, he had a lot of support from the working class in the two main cities, Moscow and Petrograd. He was educated and a brilliant orator, moving crowds of people that came to visit him speak. However, he had many personal weaknesses, he was not liked by a lot of the main decision makers under Lenin, and he needed their support for a leadership position. He did not understand that Russia was an agricultural country and he had to think of the country’s agriculture as much as its industry. Stalin had many important roles within the communist party, commissar for nationalities, worker’s and peasant’s inspectorate and more. Although he had a vast amount of power within the party he was not seen as being consistent, something a leader should be. Also, he had a tough relationship with Lenin before his death. Bukharin was seen as very clever, but not being Marxist enough, he had been appalled by the bloodshed of the civil war and supported the NEP that had allowed an emergence of a middle class, something the Revolution was against. Also Bukharin did not take any side in arguments within the party, showing Lenin that he maybe was not a committed communist. Zinoviev and Kamenev had not been loyal to the October Revolution in 1917; showing that they would not be the leader that Lenin wanted. Lenin thought that they buckled under pressure and for these two reasons did not allow them on the Russian bureau of Central Committee. These factors reinforce the uncertainty for the role of leader, there were candidates that seemed to be strong like Stalin or Trotsky but they had large weaknesses too. Although, there was a lot of room for possible criticism and backstabbing due to the contenders having weaknesses of their own, in 1921 the ban on factionalism introduced by Lenin stopped the formation of groups within his party and stopped criticism of decisions made within the party. It was a way of trying to make the party seem loyal and was basically a ban on free-speech: Meaning that the candidates would not be able to run for leader by highlighting weaknesses to the party or masses. The five candidates would not be able to campaign. Also, because Lenin’s Testament was not published it did not allow the party to make a decision on the leadership, alongside the ban on factions meant that a candidate would just have to seem like a strong runner individually or resort to backstabbing. In conclusion, I believe that by not publishing Lenin’s testament, this meant that his personal opinions were not voiced to the party, at the party conference, where hundreds of the most influential communists would have seen that all of the main five candidates had weaknesses and there was not one that Lenin felt was singly good enough to rule the party. He was possibly hinting to a collective government with a coalition between all five, mixing their positive aspects to make a great USSR. Although the ban on factions was important, the Testament would have voiced the weaknesses of the five people in the running for leadership coming straight from Lenin his conclusion would have gained influence from the party that was loyal to him. Therefore, I believe that by not publishing Lenin’s testament meant that there was great uncertainty over the role of leader.

Study of a sonnet, looking at examples by two different poets writing before 1900, showing how they use form to express their ideas

The greatest aspect of a sonnet is that it reflects hard work and vigour. It also displays some of the characteristics that the sonneteer may possess. For example, Shakespeare has given himself a wealth of characteristics throughout his works, but what struck me most, was his power to fulfil what he wanted to say and would take up innumerable roles in which to display his message. I believe that this unveils a new side of Shakespeare every time he writes. I feel that my main aim in this essay is to look at the differences, both subtle and outright that make some of the greatest sonnets and sonneteers so very contrasting from one another. Firstly, it is very important to explore a sonnet. The first sonnet is called, â€Å"Batter My Heart† by John Donne. This is a classic English sonnet written at the beginning of the Seventeenth century where Donne unravels his negativity towards himself, and how he demands to be freed from his evil and cast back to God's side. The second sonnet is called, â€Å"Death Be Not Proud† by John Donne. This is a sort of argument against the rights of Death, exploring why Death does not, in fact, have any power over anything. In the two sonnets we see Donne as a man who desperately needed God in his life. He felt separated from God because of his sins and shortcomings. Steir, a critic known for his views on Donne states that he could not see himself free from sin: â€Å"Donne finds it difficult to accept being saved as a sinner and he cannot convincingly imagine being free from sin. In the absence of the capacity to imagine or feel either of these, Donne's deepest prayer must be either to be ravished into chastity, or to escape from God's attention†. Of these sonnets, many differences occurred. The exploration of these is just as important. For example, in both sonnets, Donne wanted God to interfere directly into his life and bring Donne to him. Donne could not bring himself directly to God because he felt that he was unworthy of God. The examination of William Shakespeare's 18th sonnet gives us a perspective into one side of Shakespeare's character. This particular sonnet discovers why the life of his mistress is more than the beauty of any flower, any countryside, or any season. His character in this poem can be very persuasive and canny at times, but as the mood swiftly changes, he shows that he has a loving and far more tender side to himself. â€Å"Shall I compare thee† has been an inspiration to many budding sonneteers and poets for a long time now. On the surface, the poem is simply a statement of praise about the beauty of his Mistress. Summer tends to go to unpleasant extremes of windiness and heat, but his mistress is always mild and temperate. Summer is incidentally personified as the â€Å"eye of heaven† with its â€Å"gold complexion†; the imagery throughout is simple and unaffected, with the â€Å"darling buds of May† giving way to the â€Å"eternal summer†, which Shakespeare promises his mistress. The language is not heavy with alliteration and nearly every line is its own self-contained clause, almost every line ends with some punctuation, which creates pause. Batter my heart† reveals the relationship Donne desired to have with God. In this sonnet a theme of violence and sexual conquest is present. The speaker is asking God to violently possess him. It's as if God is a male and Donne is a subordinate female. In describing the opening and closing of the poem, Steir states: â€Å"They rely on the conception of total spiritual dependence on God, on the need for man to be utterly regenerated by God-‘made new'-not merely aided and assisted by him†. The poem opens by asking God to â€Å"Batter my heart†. The word â€Å"heart† in Donne's time had a sexual connotation. According to Craig Payne, â€Å"heart† was originally slang for Vagina. As Payne points out this is to give much of the imagery of the poem in just one line. He is asking God to â€Å"break† him in order to make him â€Å"new† which shows that he is torn by his evil side and needs to be made new, so he can start again. Donne seems to be playing â€Å"hard to get† which can be analysed as if Donne is hard to also turn from his â€Å"evil side†. Donne goes on to use alliteration in, â€Å"breake, blowe, burn† like the sound of a blacksmith's hammer against his anvil. He wants to be taken by God, yet his defences are strong. The image of a â€Å"usurped town† reveals this. Like a town that is being held at siege, Donne has defences. Just as a town must be won over by force so Donne. Phrasing like this contributes to an attitude which tells us that Donne is incarcerated in the Devil's lair and needs force to break his bars of some kind that hold him back. However, a town is usually not as strong as it appears to be from the outside. The nature of the line â€Å"labour to admit you† shows that Donne felt he should forcefully tell God to change his evil ways incessantly. Donne writes, â€Å"Reason your Viceroy in mee† so that, even if God is unable to help Donne, then Donne will settle for God's second in command. This can be read as if Donne is ordering for an angel to help him. Donne decides to go on to describe his strengths as â€Å"weake or untrue† to show a form of deception in the devil and his utter powerlessness over his sinful attitude. Donne then states, â€Å"Yet dearly I love you† and a complication arises. Donne up until now was demanding God to do something about his situation, yet now Donne is behaving differently and is pleading. This is to show he is still â€Å"betrothed† unto God's â€Å"enemy†. By the enemy, Donne creates this evil figure, which is seen as the devil in a sinful and competitive nature. Like someone trapped in a bad marriage he must be â€Å"divorced† or â€Å"untied†. He cannot break away alone though he must have God's help. In order for him to be free from his sinful ways he calls on God to fight for him to be free and then, he can marry God. He states, â€Å"take me to you, imprison me† as if Donne can never escape to bad ways ever again. In the most shocking request of all, Donne asks God to ravish him so that he can be â€Å"free† and â€Å"chaste. † It is being ravished or raped that will free Donne from his sin and his bond with the devil. Craig Payne states that it can be interpreted to be spiritual, â€Å"That which is humanly imperfect and even exploitative becomes divinely perfect and fulfilling. The rape preserves, rather than destroys chastity. God builds up as he tears down, possesses as he frees†. The next sonnet, â€Å"Death, be not proud† is about how Donne challenges the footing of Death instead of challenging the footing of himself in God's eye's, as in â€Å"Batter my Heart†. Donne was always seeking to rival what would normally just be passed by because people didn't care to challenge that what is, is. Donne seemed to be obsessed with death; he supposedly preached his own funeral sermon shortly before his death for example. He had a portrait painted of himself in his shroud and he wrote of the subject often. The main point at issue here is Death's power, and Donne clearly sets about showing that Death's power is non-existent. It is not a conversation of any kind, nor is it a debate, as the sonnet is totally one-sided and it is passing a judgment on Death, a verdict and the sentence is death itself, but more on that later. This, compared to â€Å"Batter my Heart† where Donne is pleading, is totally different, because Donne is arguing. The first two lines give clarity to the rest of the sonnet. In the first line, â€Å"Death, be not proud, though some have called thee† starts making it clear that Donne is addressing Death, personified. Thus, it is merely, on one hand, one person addressing another. Death is therefore made an equal. This makes quite a lowering in the overall stature of Death. The main point at issue here is Death's power, and Donne clearly sets about showing that Death's power is non-existent. It is not a conversation of any kind, nor is it a debate, as the sonnet is totally one-sided and it is passing a judgment on Death, a verdict and the sentence is death itself, but more on that later. Donne is forceful and defiant when he states, â€Å"Mighty and dreadful, for, thou art not so† which seems to ridicule Death. Donne underlines the dispute over, Death is not â€Å"mighty and dreadful† as some have thought. Certainly, the speech delivered in the sonnet has its aim on the fear of Death; unlike â€Å"Batter my Heart† which was proclaiming his own fear under God's eyes; which is wrong under the circumstances and the reassurance that Death isn't what it seems. There is a great logic in the next two lines, â€Å"For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow, Die not, poor death; nor yet canst thou kill me. † as Death challenges the very statement that when he kills people, they live on in heaven therefore Donne himself cannot die. The key word here must be â€Å"think'st†; it is unreal, untrue that Death is mighty. Moving to the next quatrain, Death is, through comparison, to be viewed as a short rest and sleep, from which pleasure comes, â€Å"From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, Much pleasure, then from thee, much more must flow† you wake up the next morning and Heaven awaits. Yet, in â€Å"Batter my Heart† Donne was pleading with God that the next day he wants to be with God and now, Donne is telling Death/the devil that he never had any power over Donne in the first place. From the sonnet lines, we can surmise that Death must be pleasurable. It is only a temporary state, for it leads to life in heaven, therefore it is not as it appears once again. For Death, the audience in the poem, this negation of his power and situation would surely cause great torment and, we would assume, have tremendous emotional impact. The next two lines, â€Å"And soonest our best men with thee do go-, Rest of their bones and souls' delivery! † enter a whole verse of argument. They mean, our ‘best' men die, ‘with thee do go', but their souls live on in heaven, ‘souls' delivery! ‘ Add to that the reference to Death being merely a ‘slave to Fate, Chance, kings, and desperate men,' which implies that Death is just a slave to God and kills in fate or chance, Kings, or men who simply want to commit suicide. Donne suggests in ‘desperate men' that Death isn't forcefully killing them, they have chosen to die therefore Death is belittled to have no power whatsoever. But moving on, ‘And dost with poison, war and sickness dwell,' implying that Death is housed in the scum of the Earth; poison is used to kill others, war is killing other people massively and where sickness inhabits, such as Hospitals or 3rd world countries. This brings new meaning to, â€Å"And poppy charms can make us sleep as well,† where Death is being compared to Opium, â€Å"sleep as well,† and the poppies, ‘poppy charms' that lie where men at war were killed. This leads on to the next line, ‘And better than thy stroke. ‘ The use of ‘And' at the start of the above three lines creates an affect of points in an argument, or simple statements. There is an accusation in the next line, Death has been proud, has â€Å"swell'st† but with no justification. Death is made to look powerless in preventing life. However, the Octave could be a scene of sorrow and mourning, a funeral service for, possibly, one of ‘our best men. ‘ This ceremony is designed to blame and dishonour Death but also to lower him to the status of ‘desperate men' earlier in the sonnet. In â€Å"Batter my Heart† Donne was acting as a desperate man to be freed from the devil, who is now being compared to a desperate man. Donne probably thought that anything related to the Devil must have a part of the Devil within it. There is a second audience in the poem; besides Death himself, and Donne seems to be addressing all those who fear Death in, â€Å"One short sleep past, we wake eternally, And Death shall be no more† He seems to ridicule Death, to make Death's power look smaller, comparing it with mere rest and sleep and where Donne uses all the evidence he can find, as well as emotional appeal, to persuade this audience that Death is neither to be feared nor dreaded and that Death is, ultimately, nothing, for it is through Death that we find a new kind of life in heaven. This is a kind of reassurance to readers, as if he is also preaching the goodness of God which can be compared to Donne's other sonnet â€Å"Batter my Heart† where Donne is showing that he cannot preach God's will, because he is bound by the Devil. The arguments' which would appear to Death as insulting, can appear to the reader as shocking, since Death has always been assumed a fearful. But Donne takes the role of making Death seem harmless. It is, of course, this very surprise and shock that the speaker uses as a powerful emotional ploy, along with a list of arguments, to persuade. We might almost imagine a courtroom scene with Death as the accused and all of humanity as the spectators and Donne as a sort of judge, for he not only presents the evidence, but also passes judgment, â€Å"Death, thou shalt Die† at the end of the sonnet. But this last line is the best of all, because it is the ultimate paradox and the ultimate irony that Death should in fact die! These reasons and appeals are contained and arranged within the traditional sonnet form: fourteen lines with the usual octave and sestet. Donne intended a strong break between the octave and sestet is reinforced by the period at the end of line 8, one of few in the sonnet. Donne has stated his thesis that Death is not mighty or powerful and cannot kill or destroy life. And he has supported it through dramatic arguments to a shocking conclusion. Death is the one who dies, not those whom he thinks to overthrow. The balanced and parallel structures of the opening of line 1 and the closing of line 14 serve to reinforce and emphasize the argument splendidly, â€Å"Death, be not proud †¦ Death, thou shalt die. † This is comparatively different to lines 1 and 14 of â€Å"Batter my Heart†, â€Å"Batter my heart, three-person'd God; for you †¦ Nor even chaste, except you ravish me†, for these two lines are still to do with his involvement with the Devil Shakespeare's â€Å"Shall I compare thee† sonnet is all to do with his Mistress. In the first line, â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? † we start to see the development of a thought that Shakespeare is having. This line is taken usually to mean, what if I were to compare you to a summers day. The comparisons of the loved one to all the beautiful things in nature hover in a background throughout. Such thoughts have recurring words like â€Å"summer†, â€Å"days†, â€Å"song†, â€Å"sweet†. The second line, â€Å"Thou art more lovely and more temperate†, the mistresses' beauty is more perfect than the beauty of a summer day â€Å"more temperate† – more gentle, more restrained, whereas the summer's day might have violent excesses in store, such as are about to be described. May was a summer month in Shakespeare's time, because the calendar in use, lagged behind our calendar by at least a fortnight. As the last line is made to lead onto the next line, â€Å"Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May†, so that it is set out like an argument in point form, why she isn't like a summer's day. â€Å"Darling buds of May†, the beautiful, much loved buds of the early summer and favourite flowers. The last line of the first quatrain, â€Å"And summer's lease hath all too short a date† means that summer holds a lease on part of the year, so summer is too short and has an early finish. The next quatrain holds yet another opening to another round of points in his argument, which can be compared to â€Å"Batter my heart† in which Donne is constantly begging, or demanding his freedom from the Devil. Yet, â€Å"Death, be not proud† is more of an argument, just like this one. â€Å"Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,† which links us to the sun and how some days are just too hot. In the first line of reasoning after the argument's main point, we see ‘And often is his gold complexion dimmed,' which means that sometimes the sun is too cold as well. The part ‘his gold complexion' means the sun's golden face. It would be dimmed by clouds and on overcast days generally. The next line carries the load once more, ‘And every fair from fair sometime declines,' which can be broken down to mean that all beautiful things â€Å"every fair† occasionally become inferior in comparison with their previous state of beauty â€Å"from fair†. They all decline from perfection. The last line of this second quatrain, ‘By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd;' what Shakespeare really means is that by chance accidents, or by the constant changes of nature, which are not subject to control, nature's ‘changing' look is ‘untrimm'd'. Untrimmed can refer to the ballast (trimming) on a ship which keeps it stable; or to a lack of ornaments or decorations. Therefore, does it refer to nature, or chance, or every fair in the line above, or to the effect of nature's changing course? As one critic, Katherine Duncan-Jones states, â€Å"Nature's changing course could refer to women's monthly courses, or menstruation†, in which case every fair in the previous line would refer to every fair woman, â€Å"with the implication that the youth is free of this cyclical curse†, and is therefore more perfect. The first line of the third quatrain gives yet another overview of the next three points that we come across as readers, and we can see yet another similarity with â€Å"Death, be not proud† because this also uses the bullet point technique to underlie the argument. â€Å"Batter my heart† starts its begging part in its third quatrain, instead of keeping a solid foundation like â€Å"Death, be not proud† and â€Å"Shall I compare thee†. â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade†. This tells us that Shakespeare is trying to get across the issue that his Mistresses' â€Å"summer†, like beauty, will never go away. Nor shall it â€Å"your eternal summer† lose its hold on that power which she so richly possesses, â€Å"Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;† as in possession. The third line of the third quatrain, â€Å"Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,† comments on how the lines are undying. This use of Nor is very effective, for it enforces this idea of setting down a point formed argument. The last line before the couplet, â€Å"When in eternal lines to time thou growest;† underlines that even if her lines grow wrinkly, the lines of this sonnet will not, which surely leads to the final couplet so that the whole argument is enforced in just two lines. The final couplet, â€Å"So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee† tells us that, She keeps in pace with time, she grows as time grows and as long as humans live and breathe on earth, for as long as there are seeing eyes on the earth then that is how long these verses will live, celebrating her, and continually renewing her life.

Characters in George Orwells novel “Animal Farm” Essay

The book animal farm, written by George Orwell, is believed to tell the story of not just a story about some rebellious animals, but represents how the Russian revolution took place. Many believe this because of the way he portrays certain characters in the novel. Such as snowball being represented as Leon Trotsky, old major being represented as , and the ruthless leader of the farm napoleon representing the leader of the U.S.S.R. Josef starlin. After the rebellion of manor farm, napoleon declared himself the ruler or the animals and the estate. He also renamed the property Animal farm, showing that the animals where no longer to be kept as slaves by humans running the farm, but instead to be at the same social level as all the other animals. This is similar to when starlin took leadership or Russia after the tsar was expelled from his country by the people. Starlin then renamed Russia the U.S.S.R. Napoleon is orwells villain in animal farm and represents Joseph starlin during the Russian revolution. Napoleon and starlin both attempt to run a socialist empire but soon finds that their human nature overwhelms them into taking advantage of their position. Napoleon seems to be a good leader at first, but becomes greedy and power hungry. Starlin also became greedy and power hungry in Russia, making the idea of socialism in Russia behind. What is meant by this is whilst the peasants were suffering and living in poverty, starlin was living in luxury. When the industrialization of Russia happened, like on animal farm with the windmill, both napoleon and starlin didn’t want it to happen at first. Like when snowball wanted the idea to happen before napoleon and he declined, and when Leon Trotsky wanted it to happen when starlin didn’t. Eventually napoleon decided to have electricity to the farm by building a windmill to power the electricity and create a better image for the farm as well as improving productivity. This is like when starlin introduced the five year plan. Starlin did industrialize his country, and boost his international  status, but his countries living conditions where no better off. The true character of napoleon is shown when he has the animals plotting against him executed, and when he hires a pig to sample his food to make sure that he isn’t being poisoned. Starlin also was a ruthless leader in Russia. After suspecting many people in his congress supporters of Trotsky, starlin also had these people executed.

Durex Marketing Plan Essay

The Durex brand is well known and well trusted. So was the company’s marketing strategy. Condoms are most used by the 16 to 35 age group – a group most at risk in terms of sexual behaviour. For an older target group, the relevancy of Durex products wanes. This group is in a different life phase and has different sexual needs. Most people over 35 are married or in long-term relationships and therefore use other protection. While brand name recognition in this group is still very high, the product is no longer considered as relevant. The traditional and ongoing challenge, according to Durex global marketing head Mark Critchley, is to constantly attract new customers to the company’s primary age group, 16 to 35, to compensate the natural drop on the upper side, 35 plus. â€Å"We call it youth recruitment, we have to keep attracting young consumers to the brand as older consumers use Durex less because the condom is less relevant to them. † Critchley said Rather than just replenishing the existing consumer base, over the past few years Durex has taken the decision to expand its business concerns into other areas of sexual well-being. Durex wanted to expand its product base; to stretch the market by introducing products that would be relevant to the lives of its older consumers. The company started by researching potential consumers. In the past five years Durex has polled more than a million of them, focusing on different themes: concept level, users’ research (every time a new product is launched the product is always tested with consumers before launching), online research and also a comprehensive worldwide sexual wellbeing survey, led by an independent research company. The results showed that there was an opportunity for Durex to expand into new product categories, by shifting its brand positioning from safer sex to better sex. The goal for the company’s marketing team was therefore to expand Durex’s market and map out various products which consumers want to use to improve their sex life. The company also wanted to change the perception of these products. â€Å"whilst the traditional sex toy in many cases is effective, they look awful. We wanted to ensure our products are well designed, effective and don’t look pink and phallic. Critchley said â€Å"The goal for Durex in stretching the brand is to appeal to both males and female consumers, all our products therefore need to be well thought through and relevant. † survey, led by an independent research company. The results showed that there was an opportunity for Durex to expand into new product categories, by shifting its brand positioning from safer sex to better sex. The goal for the company’s marketing team was therefore to expand Durex’s market and map out various products which consumers want to use to improve their sex life. The company also wanted to change the perception of these products. â€Å"whilst the traditional sex toy in many cases is effective, they look awful. We wanted to ensure our products are well designed, effective and don’t look pink and phallic. † Critchley said â€Å"The goal for Durex in stretching the brand is to appeal to both males and female consumers, all our products therefore need to be well thought through and relevant. † Communication for Durex Play has also taken a different track. Durex has long used the internet to communicate with young adults across the globe and provide them with safer sex information in their own language. With Durex Play, however, the company moved to use above-the-line communication such as TV ads, a method not much used for these products before which again helped to change consumer perceptions about these goods. For the younger target group, Durex’s communication focuses on education, prevention and encouraging condom-use. Durex Play focuses more on the slightly older audience, emphasizing the fun and experimental values. Product Definition Durex is the world’s best-selling brand of condoms, and with a large variety of condoms, lubricants, vibrating rings, and other types of sex toys, it’s no wonder that they’re so widely used. The standard Durex condom is the Durex Natural Feeling Condom, which comes with water-based lubricant inside and reservoir tip to help provide a natural feeling during sex. An alternative to this classic is the Durex Enhanced Pleasure, which has a special contoured shape that creates both more sensitivity and a better fit to help enhance the experience. Looking for something a little more exciting? Try Durex High Sensation condoms, which differ from other ribbed condoms by having large ribs towards the open end, leading in an increase in sensation for your partner. Another condom in that same vein is the Durex Her Sensation condom, which with its specifically positioned ribs and berry scent will certainly please your partner, if not you as well. Don’t think that’s exciting enough? Then try the Durex Intense Sensation with its raised stud texture, which is sure to lead to a unique and memorable experience. And for those who love both ribbing and studs, there’s the Durex Pleasuremax, the ultimate in pleasure from Durex. Looking for something in particular with your condom? Want to extend the experience for as long as humanly possible? Durex’s new Durex Performax condoms are for you then, as they contain a special climax control lubricant inside to help extend your experience long into the night. Interested in sensitivity and thinness? Durex Extra Sensitive Condoms are 20% thinner than the standard condom and have a fitted shape which greatly enhances the sensation while reassuring that you stay protected. Another similar condom is the Durex Maximum Love Condom, which, besides being thinner, comes with an extra-smooth silky lubricant inside to help increase sensation during sex. However, if you’re more interested in the safe part of safe sex, try Durex Extra Strength Condoms instead, which use premium latex to ensure that the right combination of pleasure and protection occurs. And for those of you who want some fun with your sexual experience (and who doesn’t want that? ), Durex Colors & Scents Condoms and Durex Rainbow Colored Condoms come in a wide variety of colors and scents to help add that special touch. There’s also Durex Natural Feeling Non-Lubricated Condoms for those who are sensitive to lubricant, and Durex Avanti Polyurethane Condoms for those who are sensitive to latex, so no one has to miss out. And if you’re unable to decide on just one type of condom, Durex offers a Sampler Pack where you can choose up to four different types to try out. It’s no surprise then that Durex condoms are considered some of the best in the world! And with condoms being fairly inexpensive, buying them wholesale and trying out lots of different types has never been so easy! Durex also offers a number of excellent lubricants as well. One is Durex Play More, which is designed to help enhance intimacy and is a long-lasting lubricant. Another is Durex Play Longer, which helps delay climax in order to extend the experience even longer. Then there’s Durex Play Warmer, which provides a warming sensation on contact, which is sure to be a real pleaser. Finally, there’s Durex Play Tingling, which with its minty scent and tingling sensation makes an excellent type of massage lotion. And of course, all of these lubricants can be used on condoms.

Educating Rita movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Educating Rita movie - Essay Example Rita became ambitious after studying literature. IV. Third Argument: Literary education provides a path for self-discovery enabling us to identify our needs and meet them. V. Fourth argument: Literary education can benefit anybody in ending ignorance. It changed Rita from an ignorant woman to a confident sophisticated woman. VI. Counter Argument: Opponents of literary education as beneficial to anyone would argue that it altered Rita’s social life negatively. However, it was because of the husband’s ignorance that the marriage failed to work. VII. Conclusion: In conclusion, the play Educating Rita depicts that literary education change anybody’s life positively. It changes Rita from illiterate, ignorant woman, studies literature. She eventually becomes transformed into an ambitious confident woman. Everybody Can Benefit From a Literary Education Introduction Educating Rita is a play that revolves around a woman by the name Rita, who aspires to get educated and al ter her social class. In the same play is another character by the name Frank, who is Rita’s tutor, educated but appears disinterested with life. Throughout the play, Rita views education as the only path towards change. This makes education one of the major themes in the play. Literature characterizes the statues of the people living in a given society. Therefore, the kind of literature written by people living in a given society can be used to study that society. In the play Educating Rita, there is clear depiction of how the society perceives different aspects of life. Therefore, literally education can help anybody understand a given society without having to live within that society. For example, through studying this play, we are able to understand the society that Rita was living in. we experience that hardships that she had to undergo in her daily life. People living in a similar society can benefit from this literally study and learn how they can deal with their chal lenges and succeed in life. This essay argues that everybody can benefit from a literary education. Literary education has great magnitude of bringing positive change in our lives. In the play, education contributes greatly in bringing change in Rita’s life. Although the change may not be instant, it may take time but it can eventually alter the life of everybody who takes literature studies positively. Education molds the way we view things. In case of Rita, she starts of as an illiterate girl who barely understands anything. She is working as a hairdresser with little understanding of the world. Little by little, she becomes knowledgeable and sophisticated. Therefore, literary education is capable of benefitting everybody who undertakes it (Russell 2-6). Everybody can benefit from education since it enables us to set and achieve goals. Rita starts of as poor girl struggling financially with little education. Her main obstacle is her inability to communicate effectively. Her accent and poor mastery of language makes her feel out of place while among other students. She can barely suit in the school. However, as she continues with her education, she becomes motivated, confident, and ends up having achieved most of her goals. When she achieves in her literature studies, Rita realizes her capability and gains confidence that she could achieve in her life. Communication skill plays a major role in education. Therefore having good mastery of literary education

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 246

Assignment Example This has seen to the decline of this practice. By providing the benefits of hanging clothes outside, the author tries to convince people to hang clothes in the sun. In fact, the author goes on to give the economic benefits of clothesline compared to dryers. In the article, the main issue is the decline of clotheslines. Although dryers and washers have contributed to this decline, some house provisions forbid residents from using clothesline (Dewolf, 2007). The established rhetorical mode in the article is comparison and contrast. In the second paragraph, â€Å"...where I discovered that St John’s was precisely the opposite of Calgary.† The author contrasts the use of the clothesline in Montreal and St John’s, and the use of dryers and washers in Calgary. Similarly, in the third paragraph, â€Å"Montreal is similar to St John’s,† this is central to residents in both places using clotheslines. On the same, the author gives possible reasons as to why the clotheslines still feature in St John’s and Montreal (Dewolf,

In Defense of Prejudice by Jonathan Rauch Essay

In Defense of Prejudice by Jonathan Rauch - Essay Example The essay "In Defense of Prejudice by Jonathan Rauch" discusses the article, written by Jonathan Rauch. He was born 1960 in Phoenix, Arizona. After his graduation from Yale University, Rauch started work at the Winston-Salem Journal in North Carolina, for the National Journal magazine, and ultimately as a self-employed writer.A criticizer of U.S. government civic policy in general, Rauch has followed homosexual-related subjects as an explicitly homosexual author since 1991, and is a keen supporter of same-sex matrimony. The author, being a Jew and a homosexual has clearly been exposed to bias in the past, which makes his writing-piece all the more influential. The article is not coming from a disgruntled individual on the top of the social ladder, it is written by the kind of individual who believes that hate-crime regulations are meant to safeguard. Rauch initiates by asserting that bias is an inevitable aspect of humankind, that "Homosapiens is a tribal species for whom "us versus them" comes naturally and must be continually pushed back." This intolerant nature he says is accountable for small factions being battered, as what is inexplicable is naturally dreaded, he senses that this nature is an inherent component of civilization, "for as thickheaded and wayward an animal as us, the realistic question is how to make the best of prejudice, not how to eradicate it." So how to make the better and the most of prejudice? Rauch proposes that to disapprove prejudice only makes it stronger., and lashes out against those "crusaders for sweetness and light" whom he tags as "purists." He asserts that in the purist’s effort to eliminate cruel words from general use they have lent a type of "shamanistic" supremacy to them, as however the words could now cause corporal destruction. He quotes a sample of the use of the word "nigger" by Charles Lawrence in 1990; "The experience of being called 'nigger,' 'spic,' 'Jap,' or 'kike' is like receiving a slap in the face," In their benevolent effort to defend the purists have become authoritarian in substance, like the church in its effort to terminate McCarthyites and heretics trying to abolish communalism the purists have gone way too far. The philology used by the purists takes on a terrifyingly acquainted attitude. In his assessment it is not only for ease and parity that prejudice must be demolished, it is for the very protection of the individuals. It advances a whole new logic of earnestness to the purist’

Unemployment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Unemployment - Essay Example To solve this, the government should provide stimulus to firms to train these employees and make them marketable for other jobs and those who are unemployed to join the training schemes. Frictional unemployment occurs when individuals are moving from one job to another for which they are qualified. It is closely related to structural employment but it is frictional since the labor market is not automatically matching up with all available workers. This can be solved by setting up job centers that help people look for suitable employment or cutting unemployment benefits to discourage idleness (Mark 2008). Cynical unemployment occurs there are inevitable contractions on the business and economic cycle. It is involuntary and not skill mismatch. The economy the capability of creating jobs which boost economic growth. A growing economy typically has lower level of unemployment. Government has to reduce tax and increase public spending. Cutting tax will induce more people to work due to the increase in disposal income level (William,

Leadership of the Sexes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership of the Sexes - Essay Example Men and women primarily differ due to their genetic make up and react to situations with corresponding influence from hormones. In stress and conflict, women produce the oxytocin hormone that tends to harmonize relationship while men produce testosterone which drives men to act aggressively. Scientific studies and tools emphasize on the distinction between the sexes. Using PET scan (monitors activity of neurons), MRI scan (shows flow of blood), and SPECT scan (tracks brain activity) on brain areas, it was revealed that with more activity, more blood flows in the â€Å"spatial-mechanical centers† on the right side of the male brain while for the female, blood flows more on the â€Å"verbal-emotive centers in both sides† (men tend to move around during meetings while women discuss matters); there is more gray matter on men (making them process singly and locally) while women have more of the white matter (they â€Å"process more globally† and evaluate the world reg ularly); the larger hippocampus in female brain makes them recall â€Å"more physical and situational details;† larger amygdala in females tends to resolve conflict by upward direction toward the verbal areas in the brain while for males, the direction is downward that tends to produce physical manifestation; and hormone secretion affects the thinking process of both genders differently (more testosterone and vasopressin in males makes them territorial and aggressive while more serotonin and oxytocin influence females towards calmness and bonding) (Gurian and Annis 3). Brain differences enable women to utilize participatory leadership (at ease with teamwork, value work relationships) and rationalize inductively, while men tend to use transactional leadership (testing people and ideas) and rationalize deductively. Women used to describe things, empathize with people, prefer â€Å"verbal interaction,† and capable of multitasking, while men directly tell